What are the exceptions for giving more than 1/5 to tzedakah according to Aruch HaShulchan?

The correct choice highlights significant exceptions recognized in Halacha for giving more than the standard 1/5 of one's income to tzedakah. According to the Aruch HaShulchan, individuals are encouraged to exceed this threshold in certain circumstances where the need is particularly pressing or impactful.

Redeeming captives is a classic example, rooted in the Talmud, where the obligation grows out of the importance of freedom and safety for fellow Jews. When someone is in a life-threatening situation, the urgency of the need compels a higher level of support. Supporting Torah study is also emphasized because investing in education and the perpetuation of Jewish learning brings immense communal benefits, thus warranting increased generosity.

This understanding underscores the prioritization of critical needs that can promote communal well-being and protect lives, which is why these categories are marked as exceptions within the framework of tzedakah obligations. Other options do not align with the specific criteria set by the Aruch HaShulchan, as they either limit the contexts in which one might be expected to give more or focus on less urgent charitable needs.