How are modern issues addressed within the framework of Halacha?

The correct answer highlights the role of Responsa literature in addressing modern issues within the framework of Halacha. Responsa, or "Shut" (She’elot u-Teshuvot), are written responses by rabbinic authorities to specific questions posed by individuals or communities regarding Jewish law. These texts serve as a crucial resource for navigating contemporary challenges by providing authoritative interpretations and legal rulings grounded in classical sources.

Through Responsa, rabbinic leaders examine the nuances of modern situations in light of traditional texts, allowing them to apply Halachic principles to new contexts. This process not only maintains the continuity of Halachic discourse but also allows for the evolution of Jewish law in response to changing circumstances. While adapting ancient texts, community decisions, and public debates may also play important roles in the Halachic process, it is the specific and formalized nature of Responsa literature that exemplifies how modern issues are systematically addressed within Halacha.